20th Century Fads Fashions

Waffle House Pop Culture Icon Essay - 3143 Words

Waffle House: Pop Culture Icon Waffle House remains cemented in pop culture as a place where one can enjoy a meal with friends at any hour. This image of a fun, all night hangout has recently been tarnished by multiple allegations of racism on the part of both customers and employees. Our group feels the best way to combat this negative association between the restaurant and discrimination would be for Waffle House to become positively involved in charities to support historically African American communities. By releasing more information and keeping an open relationship with the media, Waffle House will be able to more effectively contest negative publicity. Waffle House was founded in Avondale Estates, Georgia in 1955 by Joe Rogers,†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Rogers says Waffle House has positioned itself, not only an all-night establishment serving quality food at low prices, but also as a friend to those customers who need one. Waffle House’s job, Rogers notes, is to â€Å"make people feel better because they ate with us,† (Osinski, 2004) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Waffle House has quickly become a pop culture icon despite the company’s lack of significant public relations campaigns. The corporation uses little advertising and releases few details about its operations to the public. Despite the company’s poor public relations efforts, Waffle House has been featured on Rosie O’Donnell Show, the cover of Hootie amp; The Blowfish’s album, the movies Tin Cup and Crossroads, and was featured in the Ramp;B group 112’s music video. Countless celebrities and public figures such as Faith Hill, Former President George Bush, Reese Witherspoon, Jay-Z, and Billy Bob Thorton have eaten at Waffle House restaurants. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another facet of the Waffle House’s unique appeal is that it serves as a meeting place for a very diverse clientele. Rogers said â€Å"On any given day, you can have a bank president sitting beside a ditch digger,† (Osinski, 2004). Part of the charm of Waffle House restaurants is this mystery of who could be dining there any time you enter its doors. The atmosphere at theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesBill Gates and Warren Buffett. How did they do it? Starbucks is also a rapidly growing new firm—not as much as Google, but still great—and a credit to founder Howard Schultz’s vision of transforming a prosaic product, coffee, into a gourmet coffee house experience at luxury prices. Boston Beer burst on the microbrewery scene with Samuel Adams beers, higher priced even than most imports. Notwithstanding this—or maybe because of it—Boston Beer became the largest microbrewer. It proved that a small

The Impact Of Gambling On The Australian Community

1. Introduction The gambling industry is big business in Australia, with Australians losing $15 billion on gambling last year (Tasmanian Gaming Commission, 2003). The industry has grown substantially in the last twenty years following the widespread introduction and legalisation of casinos and gaming machines. The proportion of household disposable income directed towards gambling has escalated, as has the amount of taxation revenue provided to governments from gambling. A number of parallels have been drawn between gambling and alcohol as both are legal for adults, heavily marketed, strongly regulated, provide substantial tax revenue, can be viewed as entertainment, and are deemed a matter of personal responsibility. This paper explores the concerns surrounding the role of gambling in the Australian community. It examines the extent to which gambling is an established part of industry at both the state and federal level and the manner in which gambling is regulated by various Australian governments. It provides analysis of both the positive and negative economic and social impacts of gambling in Australia. 2. What is Gambling? Gambling, defined by Talina Drabsch (2003), is the act of staking money on uncertain events driven by chance. It can be subdivided into two groups: wagering (racing and sports) and gaming (casinos, gaming machines, keno and lotteries). It has been a feature of the Australian lifestyle for over 100 years with the first official horse meeting being runShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Banning Pit Bull Terriers937 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Name: Kinwen Foo Student ID: Gec000009f Unit task: VU21482 Task 1 1. Banning Pit Bull terriers. Hour alcohol can harm communities Wind forms Climate change Alpine logging 2. Wind power: In the past few years, resting on the research of the few scientists the latest argument states that wind power endangers the health of people. Wind turbines: Could be reason why bats die, a bat lung seems to have low pressure might cause to expand to the point of blood. 3. Alcohol Guidelines: Reducing theRead MoreInquiring Into The Social Assignment1586 Words   |  7 Pageshybrid form. Gambling has always been seen as a chance to win more money at the expense of one’s wallet. Yet it is often that individuals are prone to losing more rather than gaining, which has affected many by sending them down spiral of financial, mental and physical loss. Evidence suggests the prevalence of problem gambling is higher for people aged 15 to 17 than for adults as a whole, and higher for people aged 18 to 30 than for other age groups (See Delfabbro 2012.) A study for Gambling ResearchRead MoreThe Issue Of Problem Gambling2721 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction to the policy you have chosen and why that policy is important†¨ This paper will explore the issue of problem gambling, specifically focusing on problem gambling as a major issue in Australian society. It will also compare Australian gambling institutions with other international gambling institutions including Las Vegas and, more importantly, Macau. Gambling can be defined as an activity involving a participant who allows for something of value or money to be put at risk. This includesRead MoreEffects Of Gambling On Youth And Academic Responsibilities Essay2112 Words   |  9 PagesA current health issue in Australia particularly in Ballarat, Victoria, is gambling. Gambling harms communities and its members through relationship breakdowns that can lead to domestic violence. Furthermore, the effects of gambling can impact workplaces and academic responsibilities because of poor performance, job loss, and absenteeism. Gambling leads to financial burdens including accumulating debts and asset losses that can result in unpaid debts and unable to pay for basic needs such as groceriesRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Tabcorp Ltd1369 Words   |  6 Pageslisted on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1994. The operation of Labcorp comprises three businesses across Australia: †¢ Wagering and Media: include retail, internet, mobile devices, phone and pay TV. †¢ Gaming Services: provides a mix of gaming expertise, specialised services to licensed gaming venues. †¢ Keno business: a random number game that is played with the chance for customers to win prizes and jackpots. Tabcorp also actively makes a notable contribution to the local communities through donationsRead MoreCrown, Australia s Largest Entertainment And Resorts Group1417 Words   |  6 Pagescorporate citizen and recognises that a company is assessed not only on its financial performance, but also by its commitment to CSR. Crown’s Australian resorts in Melbourne and Perth feature over 2,300 hotel rooms, VIP villas, casinos, resort pools, luxury spas, signature restaurants and retail, convention centres and live entertainment. Every year Crown’s Australian resorts attract over 25 million visits. Crown’s resorts are renowned globally, particularly in Asia, for their focus on luxury accommodationRead MoreAustralian Societal Consequences That Affect The Unemployed Today1497 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty, deprivation and exclusion (Saunders, 2011) are factors that have been identified as Australian societal consequences that affect the unemployed today. This essay will ga in a greater knowledge of complex social disadvantages that must be recognised. In doing so studies, debates and solutions have the opportunity to gain further insight into how citizens value issues of poverty and disadvantage. While at the same time (Blakemore Warwick-Booth, 2013) understanding how Governments introduceRead MoreCasino Industry Analysis2292 Words   |  10 Pagesand 130 extra tables which would enable the capacity of Perth nearly as same as Crown Melbourne. The Executive Chairman, James Packer, was quoted as saying â€Å"This is not a great deal for me; this is a deal where I expect my share price to go down† (Australian Financial Review). In this essay, I will list all different types of business that run by Crown and describe them. Furthermore, this essay will conduct an industry analysis of gaming sector in Australia and present performance of Crown as well asRead MoreUnderstanding Taxation Of Returns On Property Holdings Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding taxation of returns on property holdings is necessary before entering and investing in Australian market. A comprehensive study of the government regulations and the existing tax structure will help individuals and corporate in making informed choice about investing in the precarious housing market. Australia, officially the commonwealth of Australia is a country comprising six states, namely, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. ToRead MoreIndigenous Cultural Immersion Assessment 1701 Words   |  7 Pagesculture as discussed during the Indigenous cultural immersion program. Describe how the loss of these features through government policy and vested interests has contributed to the current health and equality gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. In the Cultural immersion program, Uncle David Tourinier, a local elder stated that there were three ways of life that taught an indigenous person all important aspects of life so he can become a story teller and pass on the knowledge to

critical analysis of Drugs by Vidal Gore - 1446 Words

Critical Response of ‘Drugs-Vidal Gore’ The article ‘Drugs’ by Gore Vidal was written in order to pace forward a tough case for legalizing all types of drugs in United States of America. He tends to explain the basic human philosophy and the chronological happenings to bring forward this obstacle. First and foremost he brings into front three main arguments concerning the usage of drugs. He deems and strongly claims that by making the drugs illegal does not help to obstruct the drug addiction or trafficking infact they give rise to such activities. Moreover, he endows with the reasons as to how the process of legalization would assist to prevent drug addiction and seize such activities from the face of†¦show more content†¦Vidal makes use of these irrational arguments in order to get marijuana or other drugs legalized . If these drugs wouldn’t have been so addictive, why in the first place would they be illegal? When a person is being involved in such activities it is not merely difficult in f act out of the question to decide the good and bad for that particular person. Hence, the advice that Vidal puts forward of labeling the drugs would be of no use, hardly any person would be interested in reading. This step of legalizing the drugs would enhance their spirit and addictiveness towards the drugs. Activities which are normally carried out underground would then be carried out openly with ant hesitation. This writing in particular was a pretty courageous attempt. Taking into consideration the era in which this article was published 1970, at that period in time harmony, adoration and drug for everyone was a reality. At that instance putting forward this idea would be inclined to be considered as an unbelievable comic story or a severe cause offend to the US government. The idea which Vidal places is not an innovative idea although it was an intimidating one. Vidal’s article, without any uncertainty is valiant chunk; however it fails to endow its audience a direct and clear plan or reason of why the drugs should be legalized, except for the idea that it is the basic right of the people

Modelling a Frame Subjected to Multiple Loading Conditions free essay sample

In this experiment the main aim was to modelling a frame subjected to multiple loading conditions and record how the force and strain vary to different loads. The frame represented a simple roof trusses and the loading conditions are similar to what a typical roof would undergo. In this experiment a universal fame was used with load cells to provide the load and digital force and strain instruments to record the data. As the load was increased the strain went up linear showing a linear relationship between loading and strain. After analysing results it was found that the results for experimental forces compared to theoretical forces were very close showing that this experiment was very accurate, with very small uncertainty, the reason for this is due to very sensitive equipment as a change of 1 µ? is equivalent to change of 6 N (using young’s modulus) and other factors described in detail in the report. We will write a custom essay sample on Modelling a Frame Subjected to Multiple Loading Conditions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Table of Contents Summary 1 Introduction Pg 4 2 Theory Pg. 4 3. 1 Apparatus Pg 6 3. 2 Experimental procedures Pg 8 4 Observation and results Pg 8 4. 1 Results Pg8 4. 2 Observations Pg11 4. 3 Discussion Pg11 4. 4 Sources of error Pg11 5 Conclusions Pg12 References Pg13 Appendices Pg13 Introduction The aim of this laboratory was to carry out an experiment to measure the strain in members of a frame, where load was being applied in different loading conditions. This experiment was carried out to put to use the theory learnt in lectures and see how they actually perform in a real life model. By doing this it is possible to appreciate the limit of theoretical approach to these loading conditions and compare the errors. The model used in the experiment was that of an idealised roof truss, a roof must withstand a lot of force over a long time during its lifetime. Three 3 different loading scenarios will be modelled and the strain forces are expected to be within the range of the calculated theoretical forces. Main aims were: 1. Measure the strain in each member and record results 2. Calculate theoretical values for the experiment 3. Compare theoretical values with experimental results and calculate percentage error Theory In a frame model where there is a load being applied members of the frame will feel a compressive or tensional force. The value of the force can be worked out by resolving the forces in horizontal and vertical directions and taking moments. This is done by analysing each of the joints of Fig 1 separately. In a rigid static frame the sum of the vector forces add up to zero Fig 1 model of experiment The first loading model has is simulated with a load of 500N. First work out the value for the reaction force at the supports. Then use these values to calculate the tension in each member of the truss. Hand written theory in appendix (1) Apparatus The apparatus used in this experiment are by Tecquipment STR8 Pin-jointed Frameworks Digital force display -500N to 500 N Digital strain display- 110-9 ? Load cell 0-500N range Screwdriver Experimental procedures Test 1 1. Calibrate the load reading instruments to measure zero on channel 1 on the digital load display, if the display shows load being applied then adjust the appropriate load cell W1 by rotating the appropriate knob. Test 2 1. Carefully remove the pin that is holding load W1 and reinstate load W2 2. When no load is being applied to the members check the digital strain display, there are 13 channels one for each gauge. Each gauge must be reading zero if not use adjust the reading to read zero as close by using a small screw driver. 3. Make sure the load cell W2 does not interfere with the frame. 4. In table 1 record the strain values of each member from the digital strain display. 5. Next apply a load of 100N to the load cell W1 by turning the handle anti clockwise then read the digital strain display for channels 1 to13 and record in the table. 6. Repeat steps 5 for loads 200N, 300N, 400N and 500N 7. After recording all values reduce the load to zero by rotating clockwise. 8. Using the values of strain for 500N load calculate their equivalent member forces and record them in table 3 using the following equations : Test 3 1. For this model both load cells must be loaded on to the frame 2. In table record the strain values of each member from the digital strain display when no load is being applied 3. Next apply a load of 500N to the load cell W1 by turning the handle anti clockwise then read the digital strain display for channels 1 to13 and record in the table. 4. Switching to channel 2 on the digital force display apply a load of 100N then read the digital strain display for channels 1 to13 and record in the table 5. Repeat steps 4 for loads 200N, 300N, 400N and 500N on load cell W2 6. After recording all values reduce the load to zero by rotating clockwise. 7. Using the values of strain for 500N load calculate their equivalent member forces How to use the strain to convert into force is described in the appendix (2) 4. Results and observations 4. 1 Results CENTRAL LOADING Angled loading Multiple loading The sum of experimental forces for loading of 500 N in loading 1 and 2 4. 2 Observation Allow the equipment to stabilise by waiting 5 minutes in order to eliminate and uncertainty due to heat affecting resistance values. There are no significant health and safety risks in this experiment. 4. 3Discussion A way in which to improve the results of the experiment would be to take repeat readings of the strain for each gauge at least three times in order to eliminate any anomalous results. Another addition would be having different loading conditions on the frame and see how they affect the two gauges EF and IJ as they experience any strain which could lead to the question are these members required and do they make any difference. In loading condition 3 by having 2 load cells you create a model where there are members which are superimposed. When analysing table 8 and looking at the sum of the experimental values are larger than the theoretical value, when looking at member AH the values are notably are different when superimposed. 4. 4 sources of error The main sources of uncertainty will come from the calibration of the device as the digital strain reading instrument has an accuracy of  ± 0. 510-10 ? and the digital force display has an accuracy of 0. 5 N. These are very small values; it is difficult to zero the strain display which lead to a poor accuracy. The strain values is calculated by the change in resistance of the wire when it is under tension or compression, however change in temperature would affect the length of the wire therefore giving a different value of resistance leading to inaccurate strain reading. 5. Conclusion After analysing the results in detail it is shown that the difference in theoretical and experimental results is not significantly different and therefore using the theory of resolving forces it is possible to gain an accurate value of true member forces and equally important to simulate and model the situation in real life scenario to gain a true understanding of what is going on. Also analysing table 3 shows that is also possible to calculate the force on a complex load by adding the forces individually. References Mechanics structures and thermo dynamics –university of Warwick Mechanics lectures by Dr. T. Karavasilis http://www. tecquipment. com/Datasheets/STR8_0213. pdf 29/12/2013 Appendices Pin jointed lab briefing sheets Theory (1. ) (2). Stress strain thoery

Unbiased Education Anti-Bias Perspective Seminar

Question: Discuss about theUnbiased Educationfor Anti-Bias Perspective Seminar. Answer: In the following ways, I can construct a confident self identity for myself. This can be achieved by learning a new language, to have a confident self identity I need to be unbiased and stay positive about going into unknown settings. I need to understand different religions and their cultures and practices. Being with persons who are not similar to me culturally and religiously will also help. Sharing knowledge about my culture and experiences will also help me raise building of a knowledgeable self-identity. Own interaction with people from different background can be promoted by myself through Inquiring about the background of different people from them, I can also have conversation with them about the difference in our backgrounds. I can also do research of different backgrounds and also be open and comfortable about their cultures. My interaction with other people has to be unbiased and optimistic. In order to foster, my critical thinking about biasness I need to Firstly, I need to observe different behavior before I start to speak. Consider facts and the thoughts of others before I start to speak. I must have touching sympathy about others around me. When I spot any biasness, it should be my duty not to ignore it but receive it. Is should not change my ethical thinking towards biasness due to pressure from others. When someone behaves in a biased manner towards me or anyone around me, or when bias situations occur in classroom it will be my duty to speak up for myself and for any other person who is facing biasness around me. I will not only raise my voice but also take action, which I am capable of taking against any bias act. The challenges, which I will face towards achieving this goal, are: It will be difficult for me to understand other cultures. I will need time to accustom myself with other cultures and religions. Learning new languages, which will be used for better communication, will be a challenge for me. I can develop these goals in my work and personal life by being unbiased and open-minded myself towards unfair situations and start thinking critically about them. The knowledge about different cultures and religions will also help me develop these goals. The imparters of primary education believe that everyone should get equal opportunity towards achieving their life goals. If the primary educators treat the children as confident, strong, intelligent and kind, the children will automatically develop these traits within them. However, if the educators do not follow this policy and the children start to feel disliked or unwanted, it will have a very negative impact on their conduct. They will not be able to differentiate between what is good and what is not. They will not understand the importance of unbiased behavior and the need to raise their voice against it (TorranoTursunbayeva, 2015). How to Develop a Knowledgeable Self-Identity People should be thought the ways in which they can nurture and develop their personality and knowledge towards a confident self-identity. This can be developed by the people in various ways. The achievement of this confident self-identity can be achieved by the people through learning different languages so that they can incorporate with their companions easily and more efficiently (Lereya, SamaraWolke, 2013). When the people are going into new and unknown environments, they should be open-minded and must have a positive attitude towards the new setting. They should take interest in the religious and cultural customs of their companions and make an effect to get accustomed with them (Lee, 2016). They should constantly incorporate themselves with those who are different to them with respect to culture, religion and even ethnically. They should also try to share their personal experiences and cultures with their companions and make the others equally interested in themselves (Ornstein et al. 2016). They should strive to discover their similarities with respect to physical attributes and culture and always strive to acknowledge the differences between each other. The young students must know that they are inferior to no one and with respect to this; they should always raise their voice against any negative comments made towards them (Mihaly et al., 2013). They should take the support of their family and friends whenever they require and never doubt the abilities of themselves. People should never judge others by the way they look and always try to communicate with others. These basic principles can really help a person develop a self-identity within a group and overall (Gonzalez, Steele Baron, 2016). How to Foster Critical Thinking Towards Biasness In order to raise voice against biasness people should understand that not everything going around them is bias. They need to start thinking critically about biased behavior. People should first patiently observe activities of others before making a judgment about them (Schunk, MeecePintrich, 2012). Once proper observation is done of any bias behavior people should think and come to a fair conclusion before they speak about it. The people should always have emotional understanding with respect to their companions (Conley et al., 2015). They themselves should not be bias with respect to their companions before judging others. However, when they are confident enough that biasness is taking place around them then they should at no cost ignore it and immediately raise their voice against such event or act. They should not only raise their voice but also do what they can within their capabilities to prevent the future happening of such an event. People should only take the good things fro m their surroundings and never give into bad behavior because of pressure from companions or any other person. They should not do what others expect them to do and act in accordance of good faith and reasonable mind. People should always keep only minimum expectations from others, as they cannot exercise their control over their nature. In doing so people should always open-minded towards their companions and others and try to accept them in the way they exist. This has to done accordingly or else it will be very difficult to solve the problem of biasness in the society (C.lamm, 2007). It is necessary for the society to eliminate biasness within it and not to eliminate the persons who are being bias. Awareness needs to be spread in the society about the evils of biased behavior and the potential threat it poses to the society. People should be confident enough to speak against any biased behavior around them and analyze the effects of theirs action before reacting (Valley, 2013). Challenges Towards Achieving These Goals Biasness is an evil, which cannot be determined easily and cannot be spotted prima faice. An act should be observed patiently for a while before it is assumed to be biased. When a teacher is scolding a student because of his misconduct, the student can easily assume that the teacher is being biased towards him or her, which is actually not the case. In order to overcome challenges related to biasness proper and accurate spotting of a bias act is necessary. A person in most of the circumstances will assume that a step taken against him is a bias act as this is human nature. The biggest challenge to eliminate the evils of biased behavior is to create within ones self the ability to be rational and think flexibly. Recommendations Children who are culturally and linguistically different must be treated equally both in context of school and in their home. For developing unbiased behavior as an inclusive practice, I would personally recommend these steps. I would recommend each family of culturally and linguistically diverse children to be respected and treated equally as compared to the other. Every human being share the similarity of need of food, shelter, cloths and society to be able to survive, they only live differently to each other. I would recommend that every child should be supported totally with respect to his or her social identity and should be given equal opportunities to develop their personalities. It is important to identify the diversity between culturally and linguistically different children in order to address their needs equally and in an unbiased manner. Steps should be taken to enlighten culturally and linguistically different children about the similarities and dissimilarities they have with each other and they should be thought how to accept everyone equally at both school as well as home life. The misconception between the children about biasness has to be addressed by the primary educators for their ethical development. I would recommend a close check to be maintained on any unfair practices which takes place within school or home life of the culturally and linguistically different children and they should be thought the proper way to react in such situations. Conclusion Thus, the issue of biasness in the society needs to be adequately addressed and this can be done through self-assessment and being tolerant towards other cultures. References: C.lamm "Anti-Bias Perspective Seminar" Unpublished manuscript (ECE Department, fullerton college, CA,Spring 2007) Conley, D., Domingue, B. W., Cesarini, D., Dawes, C., Rietveld, C. A., Boardman, J. D. (2015). Is the effect of parental education on offspring biased or moderated by genotype?.Sociological Science,2, 82-105. Gonzalez, A. M., Steele, J. R., Baron, A. S. (2016). Reducing Children's Implicit Racial Bias Through Exposure to Positive Out?Group Exemplars.Child Development. Hernndez-Torrano, D., Tursunbayeva, X. (2015). Are teachers biased when nominating students for gifted services? Evidence from Kazakhstan.High Ability Studies, 1-13. Lee, J. (2016).Racial bias: racially biased images portrayed in high school English textbooks of South Korea(Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Sacramento). Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study.Child abuse neglect,37(12), 1091-1108. Mihaly, K., McCaffrey, D., Sass, T. R., Lockwood, J. R. (2013). Where you come from or where you go? Distinguishing between school quality and the effectiveness of teacher preparation program graduates.Education,8(4), 459-493. Ornstein, A., Levine, D. U., Gutek, G., Vocke, D. (2016).Foundations of education. Nelson Education. Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. R., Pintrich, P. R. (2012).Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Valley, J. (2013).Gender equity in physical education: an examination of gender-biased communication and teacher behaviors(Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).

Protecting Consumers Using Postal Commerce -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Protecting Consumers Using Postal Commerce? Answer: Introduction The first and the most essential aspects are offer and acceptance. There must be a lawful offer from one party and a valid acceptance by the other party (Smits 2017). This is the basic and the first requirement in order to form a valid contract. In this context, It is another rule of contract law that after the offeror makes an offer to the offeree and when the offeree provides a counter offer, the original offer gets destroyed and the original offeror becomes the offeree and the offeree becomes the offeror. In the case of Hyde v Wrench(1840) 49 ER 132, Wrench had offered Hyde to sell an estate for 1000 pounds, to which, Hyde made a counter offer that whether the estate could be bought for 950 pounds (Poole Shaw-Mellors and Devenney 2017). Hence, in this case, it was held that the original contract of sale by Wrench was destroyed and the counter offer made by Wrench was a new offer, where Wrench became the offeree and Hyde became the offeror. Another rule of contract law is that an offer can be revoked at any time before its acceptance. However, such revocation must be brought to the notice of the offeree, otherwise it has no effect. In DICKINSON V. DODDS [1876] 2 CHD 463, Dodds offered Dickinson to sale a house for $800 and stated in his offer later that the deal was open till 12 June, 9 am. On the 11th of June, Dodds sold it to another person and Dickinson got to know of it from another person and had sent a formal letter of acceptance to the offer to Dodds before the end of the stipulated time of the offer. It was held that no acceptance was made and offeree was aware of Dodds being no longer minded to sell the house to him beforehand and therefore the offer was withdrawn validly (Jones 2017). Application: In the given case, John Doe made an offer to sell 1000 tons of Barley to Tom Jones for $1000 per ton, which he would deliver in 60 days and payment was to be made in cash. To this offer, tom Jones made a counter offer that he would like to pay the amount in four installments. Therefore, according the common law of contract, due to the counter offer of Tom Jones (offeree), the original offer of John Doe (offeror) got destroyed and the counter offer gave rise to a new offer, where Tom Jones became the offeror and John Doe became the offeree and this rule shall apply here in accordance with the decision in the case of Hyde v Wrench. The offer made by John Doe was open till 22nd and the counter offer by Tom Jones was made on 17th August. After receiving the letter on 18th August, John Doe immediately replied to tom Jones that he will not sale the barley if the payment is not made in cash and therefore, rejected the offer or revoked it, which was received by Tom Jones on 20th August. But before receiving this letter he had already sent another letter, accepting Johns first offer, before receiving which, John had already sold the barley to another. Therefore, as the counter offer constituted a new offer and John had rejected it, about which Tom had knowledge, it can be said that there was no acceptance of such offer by John and according to the common law and from the decision in DICKINSON V. DODDS, there was no formation of a contract and the offer was validly withdrawn by John. Therefore, in the given case, there was no formation of contract as the original offer was destroyed by the counter offer and there was no acceptance of the counter offer by John Doe. Is John Doe legally obliged to wait until the 22nd August to sell the 1000 tonnes of barley in his letter of the 15th August? Relevant rule: In contract law, there are exceptions to the general rule of offer and acceptance that acceptance is done, when directly communicated to the offeror. These are called the postal rules of contract law. When offer and acceptance is to done by post, it may create certain delays and gaps in communication between the parties (Hearn 2017). The postal rules were established for such purpose in the cases of Adams v Lindsell [1818] 1 B andHenthorn v Fraser [1892]. It was held that when offer is made by post by an offeror, the acceptance or rejection is said to be done by the offeree, as soon as such acceptance or rejection is posted by the offeree as a reply to such offer (Todd 2017). Moreover, it is also a rule under the common law that an offer can be rejected at anytime by the offeree and such revocation must be in the knowledge of the offeror.In the given case, the postal rules, as have been applied in the cases of Adams v Lindsell [1818] 1 B andHenthorn v Fraser [1892], the postal rules of contract law will apply as the offer and counter offer were made by post. Although the stipulated time of acceptance of the offer was 22nd August, Tom Jones did not accept the offer and made a counter offer, which destroyed the original offer and as John Doe, immediately revoked such counter offer as soon as he received the counter offer. Therefore, according to the postal rules of contract, the moment John had posted the rejection of the offer, the offer was revoked, without any regards to Toms last letter for acceptance of the first offer, made by John. As John had rejected the offer at the time when he posted it, he could sell the barley without waiting till the end of t he stipulated time of his first offer i.e. till 22nd August, which was destroyed by the counter offer. Therefore, based on the postal rules of contract, John has no legal obligation to wait till 22nd August for selling the barley as per his offer made on 15th August. According to the common law, the contents of a contract are the terms of such contract, which state the obligations of each party to a contract. It is very much necessary to determine whether a statement or representation is a term of contract or not (OLeary 2017). Terms of a contract can be classified into: Conditions- These are the major terms and are at the heart of the contract. In case of breach of such terms, the aggrieved party can either terminate the contract and or sue for damages Warranties- These are less important or minor terms of contract and in case of breach, the aggrieved party cannot terminate the contract but can sue for damages. Intermediate terms- These terms fall between the condition and warranty and are divided according to the relative seriousness of the consequences of the breach. Remedies for breach of terms depend on how the court views the seriousness of the consequences of the breach i.e. whether it is a breach of condition or warranty. On the other hand, terms of a contract can be expressed or implied. Expressed terms of contract are those which are clearly and expressly mentioned in the contract and implied terms of contract are those which are not expressly mentioned but are implied by courts, statutes or customs (Austen-Baker 2017). The expressed terms are divided under the broad categories of condition and warranty. It is very essential determine if a party has entered into a contract due to a particular term. In the given case, Gorpal wanted to buy a Mercedez Benz cruiser for starting a business as a taxi driver, for which, he approached his friend Alistair, a MercBenz car dealer. Alistair offered the car to Gorpal for $50,000 and said that he had a shipment of the required vehicles, which he expected to arrive by the end of the week. Due to such statement made by Alistair, Gorpal entered into the contract with him and hence it can be treated as an expressed condition for entering into the contract. But, Alistair failed to provide the car within the stipulated time and Gorpal bought the same car from another dealer due to such delay. As the time of delivery, as mentioned by Alistair was an expressed condition for Gorpal to enter into the contract, there was a breach of such expressed condition and according to the common law, when there is a breach of a condition, the aggrieved party can sue for damages and or terminate the contract. According to the common law, there are five basic remedies for a breach of expressed contract terms: rescission, restitution, reformation, money damages and specific performance. An award for money damage includes an amount of money, which is given as compensation for the financial losses occurred, which is caused due to the breach of a contract (Dobbs and Caprice 2017). In case of breach of expressed terms, parties are entitled to the total amount of gain or profit that would have resulted, but for the breach. The extent of the damages to be recovered is governed by the type of breach. Moreover, as stated earlier in case of a breach of an expressed condition of a contract, the aggrieved party can claim damages and or sue for damages (Carter Wayne and Gregory 2017). In the given case, Gorpal entered into the contract with Alistair due to the statement made by Alistair of delivering the car within a week. This was an expressed condition based on which Gorpal entered the contract because he wanted to start a taxi business as early as possible. Alistair failed to deliver the car with in the stipulated time, due to which Gorpal bought the same car from another dealer, which took another 6 weeks. According to the common law, Gorpal can either cancel the contract or and sue Alaister for damages. As due to Alistairss breach, Gorpal was delayed in starting his business, he has the option to repudiate the contract and or sue for monetary damages for the financial loss that he had suffered throughout the stipulated time of one week and the further six weeks, due to the delay of the car delivery by Alistair. Conclusion Therefore, apart from repudiating the contract, monetary damages are available to Gorpal for the financial losses suffered by him due to Alistairs breach of condition. References: Austen-Baker, Richard.Implied terms in English contract law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. Carter, J. W., Wayne Courtney, and Gregory Tolhurst. "AN ASSIMILATED APPROACH TO DISCHARGE FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT BY DELAY."The Cambridge Law Journal76, no. 1 (2017): 63-86. Dobbs, Dan, and Caprice Roberts.Law of remedies: damages, equity, restitution. West Academic, 2017. Hearn, John. "Protecting Consumers Using Postal and E-Commerce Delivery Services in Competitive European Markets." InThe Changing Postal and Delivery Sector, pp. 127-137. Springer, Cham, 2017. Jones, Lucy.Introduction to business law. Oxford University Press, 2017. Ktz, Hein.European contract law. Oxford University Press, 2017. OLeary, Leanne. "Introduction." InEmployment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby Union, pp. 1-18. TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2017. Poole, Jill, Adam Shaw-Mellors, and James Devenney.Contract law concentrate: law revision and study guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. Smits, Jan M., ed.Contract law: a comparative introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. Todd, Paul.E-commerce Law. Taylor Francis, 2017.

Research paper on Obseity Essay Example

Research paper on Obseity Essay The condition substantially increases the risk for a long list which includes ailments, including heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, cancer and much more. But regardless of the reasons for the rise in obesity, maintaining healthy weight comes down to balancing the number of calories people eat and drink with the number of calories everyone burns through exercise and everyday activities. Every day people can make choices to eat differently, exercise more and enjoy a healthier life if they maintain a healthy diet. In discussions of obesity, one controversial issue has been nutritional information on fast food. On the one hand, David Convince argues that food industries are at fault for not supplying easy to read calorie charts and hazard labels. One the other hand, Raddled Balk contends that everyone needs to take responsibility for what they consume. David Convince claims that food industries are at fault for not supplying easy to read calorie charts and hazard labels by focusing on obesity. However its hard to agree with his statement because some fast food places do show how many calories are in their food items and parents are the ones that are paying for this food for their families to eat. We will write a custom essay sample on Research paper on Obseity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research paper on Obseity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research paper on Obseity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Excellence argues that obesity falls In the hands of fast-food tycoon. He then goes on to argue that even healthy Items on the menu for fast food restaurants are unhealthy. Drawing on his own experiences as a sasss kid, he describes how easy it is for teenagers to put on weight with a steady diet of fast food meals. Part of the problem he argues, is that nutritional information about fast food is often either unavailable or hard to interpret. For instance, when people go to restaurants and see how many calories they are taking in, it shocks them when they see that even the lately Items may consume many calories as well. However should food companies really be the ones to be blamed? Convince states that the prevalence of fast food and the lack of healthier food alternatives is causing an epidemic of teenage obesity in present day America(392). He argues this because of the consequences for society of increased rates of Type 2 diabetes, which can be associated with obesity. By sating this, he wants to blame the food Industries for not making big enough labels of calorie charts. Blame because people should be the ones to blame due to themselves paying to eat sat food. Yes some places may not have charts saying how many calories are in their items, but sometimes if someone where to look close at the menu, they do state how many calories people are consuming. Instead of buying the fating foods, there are some healthier items that people can buy. Fast food companies shouldnt be the ones to blame due to the fact of people being tempted to want to eat fat food and not healthy foods. Towards the beginning of David Cozinesss article he states one of his own life experiences saying by the age of 15, he packed 212 pounds of torpid teenage tallow n his lanky 5-foot-10 frame(392). When he states this he is applying how there are fast limits to the weight that a certain person can only carry safely. But does he ever realize who are the ones choosing to buy the unhealthy foods? Everyone knows that fast food is bad, but they tend to be lazy and not want to eat a health meal for their own good. People should come to see what is best for their own health to be able to not gain so much weight. David Convince wants to blame fast food companies for peoples obesity, due to them not having hazard labels and big enough calorie charts to read. However, fast food companies shouldnt be the ones to blame for peoples obesity due to the fact of people being the ones who are paying for the food they want to eat. Convince may have made a good point, but his point isnt good enough because he doesnt think about the real consequences of peoples health and how people are choosing what they consume. On the other hand, its easy to agree that what people eat is their responsibility as Balk states because everyone should be aware of the food they consume. People chose what to eat, but instead of eating bad food they can chose eat healthy foods. Balk claims the government needs to take action and stop spending money for anti obesity because it is the wrong way to prevent it. He tells his readers that it is unhealthy for children to be eating bad food but its their choice to eat what they want. Balk says, in other words, bringing the government between you and your waste-line, saying that the government shouldnt be in your business of what you are eating or weather you are obese or not. He states that he doesnt like how the government has so much control over what people are eating and that they are fighting obesity the wrong way. Instead he wants the government to show responsibility. Balk believes that everyone has their own choice of eating foods that are unhealthy and if they get obese or have health problems they should pay for the consequences not the whole nation. Balk states that our government ought to be working to foster a sense of responsibility and ownership of our own health and well-being'(39). Len other words, Balk is saying that if people are eating unhealthy and are having health problems everyone shouldnt have to pay for their health problems. By stating this he believes hat the government should be working to foster a sense of responsibility in ownership of our own health and well-being instead. He wants people to take priority for themselves because it is their own fault of what the consume. I agree with Balbos statement of how people should take responsibility for what they should realize what price they are paying by ending up becoming obese. Some parents can only afford to buy cheap food and what what pops up in their mind is McDonalds, taco bell, and many other places. However when they think about this they can always chose the best healthy item on the menu to consume a better meal or themselves and their family such as eating a salad. Everyone should see how their health isnt right by consuming the right foods. If someone where to gain the weight, they can chose to have a diet in the end which will make them be able to live longer. Towards the end up Balbos article he states, Well all make better choices about diet, exercise, and personal health when someone else isnt paying the consequences of those choices (398). I believe this is true. People that arent covered under their parents insurance make sure that stay health by getting plenty of exercise to not gain he weight. However, when people are still living under their parents, they tend to eat what ever they want and become lazy, which makes them gain weight. So for people to stay health they need to be aware of all of their actions of what they chose to In conclusion, then as I suggested earlier, defenders of fast food companies cant have it both ways. People can chose what they want to eat and it should be their responsibility and not about the companies who make the food for people. Their assertion that they should take responsibility is contradicted by their claim that what hey consume is their choice but they should be aware of what can happen to them if they keep eating unhealthy. Increasing anxiety over the question of how to properly nourish ourselves has generated some serious responses. Michael Pollen has argued the need for a clear- eyed focus on an empirical phenomenon to get us to past our preoccupation with scientific theories of nutritionists. For Pollen, the problem that is not itself in doubt is the western diet. As Michael Pollen puts it the western diet is what people are eating right now that live in the western hemisphere such as fast food, chicken, pizza, fruit etc. People eat by this type of diet because its easy: its easier to buy an already made meal and Just heat it up rather then cooking that meal from the stuff people have at home. Pollen suggests that we should simply avoid any food that has been processed to such an extent that it is more the product of industry than of nature (438). He states how people eating a western diet are prone to a complex of chronic diseases that seldom strike people eating a more traditional diet. With these chronic diseases people dont know where their food is coming from and who makes it (Fresh). The animals that companies use to make food,can be very dangerous due to how farmers put a certain chemical in the fields, and that can cause the animal to die or end up having some type of disease. Pollen states in a interview, people who cook their own food are more healthy cause they dont use processed foods (How cooking can change your life). Everyone should see how to maintain a healthy diet by not eating fating foods. Pollens prescription is simply for people to stop eating a western diet. To differentiate his specific prescriptions from those of nutritionists, Pollen propose the ales eat food, not to much, mostly plants. By urging us to once again eat food, he challenges the prevailing nutrient-by-nutrient approach, what he calls nutritionist and proposes an alternative way of eating that is informed by the traditions and ecology of real, well-grown, unprocessed food. Our personal health, he argues, cannot be divorced from the health of the food chains which we are part. When Michael Pollen says Eat Food, what he means is, eat real food, as in food that is unprocessed and doesnt come from a factory(Adamson). With this being said our rains think why we need to cook, however its to maintain ourselves to eat healthy and not maintain Junk food all the time (How cooking can change your life). Everyone can eat the foods that they want, but instead of making the best choice, make the better choice. Next, Pollen says not to eat to much food meaning that he doesnt want people to be overeating. When everyone eats to many simple carbohydrates, they get a blood sugar spike, and then a blood sugar crash, and the result is that people are hungry again, even though they Just ate (Adamson). While eating everyone needs to maintain certain amount of each item that they wont necessary be overeating. Lastly, Michael Pollen brings up his last point which is to eat mostly plants, meaning to eat more vegetables, fruit, and whole grain, which will not make people gain as much weight. While some people may only Just eat plants, Pollen is Just saying that the plant-diet is the best diet. Plant foods are the richest, most bountiful souses of vitamins and minerals as well as fiber. They contain hundreds of thousands of photochemical, and many of these contain disease-fighting properties that a laboratory cant duplicate (Adamson). When people tend to eat like this they will maintain a diet that they will never regret. Pollens theory of eat food, not to much, mostly plants is extremely useful because it sheds light on the difficult problem of obesity. His point is very clear to his readers of how he wants people to see what the best way to eat is. Everyone should be responsible for their actions of what they maintain and I agree with how Pollen said that the best way to eat is to be making home made meals. When people tend to buy frozen items from a local grocery store they are consuming processed foods, which is ad in my opinion because that is how people start becoming obese. By everyone eating more vegetables and fruits such as Pollens point mostly plants they will see a change within their health that they will never regret. Mary Maximize views Pollens recommendations as, ultimately, that of another expert who writes from a cultural bias. Maximize argues that our cultures bias is seen in the way that it incorrectly connects the following three things diet, health and weight. Maximize brings up these points when she says, likewise, even after noting that the connections between diet and health that we take as gospel apparently arent(442). She says this to prove how Michael Pollen doesnt have great resources of his information about how his way of eating is the best way of maintaining a healthy diet. The way people are eating causes them to have heart disease, diabetes, and cancer and according to this line of thought, each of these maladies is tied to our diet and essentially to our weight. When Mary Maximize brings up diet weight and health she says that our to make them gain weight because while everyone is growing up they learn about the foods that are in their culture and they tend to always want to eat it over and over gain, due to that being with how they were raised. However, some people may have never learned to eat in the right way that maintains a healthy diet for themselves. Which brings up her point of when Pollen kept saying that processed foods make people sick and fat. As everyone is learning about different foods they tend to want to maintain the bad foods and not the better foods, which is why Maximize wants to bring up her point of what she thinks is the best way to eat to help people not become obese. For Maximize, our views of fatness and thinness have been skewed by culture. Not only do we reject scientific findings, we favor, according to Maximize, a perceptive that considers fatness fatal and thinness immortal. The consequences of this perceptive for the way we live, Maximize shows, are serious. When Maximize states this point she is saying while it is true that an individual can be fat and healthy, It does not follow that that individual is healthy because their diet consists of Twenties, soda and Junk food. At any state someone can be healthy, but they are at more risk with their health depending on weight. One of the risks being diabetes when people are ever-weight. The key to Maxillas claim is healthy eating, being active and living a healthy lifestyle. To counter the way that we have inadvertently memorized food, Maximize proposes a form of mindfulness Ere recommendation is that we hold onto a long known but recently forgotten formal which is trust yourself, trust your body, and meet your needs. When Mary Maximize says to trust yourself, she is telling her readers that people need to trust themselves that they arent eating to much food that will make them gain so much weight, meaning anyone can eat what they want. Next she says to trust your body meaning that people nee d to believe that what they eat wont cause any harm to their body as well as letting people know that they shouldnt worry about their weight. Lastly, she states her third point which is meet your needs. When she says this, she is telling readers that everyone should know what they can eat to maintain a good diet for themselves and that everyone should feel comfortable with their body. When people follow Mary Mansfield guidelines they should know that they can trust themselves to meet their standards and that they an eat what they want, as long as they know how to maintain it. Maxillas formula does not contrast with the recommendations of Pollen due to the fact of what they both think is the best guidelines to follow to maintain people from becoming obese. Pollen bases his off of what people should eat and Maxillas guidelines have more to do with people Just trusting their instincts. Both of their guidelines may work for different people, however adults need to see which guidelines will end up benefiting to their own needs that will make their health better. Many people do not realize how damaging obesity can be to the body and for their overall health, such as when Convince blames fast food companies for people being fat.

Animal Rights Essays (552 words) - Animal Testing, Animal Welfare

Animal Rights Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Animal Rights As Doctor Zola-Morgan stated in a speech to animal right activists, "I've seen the impact of the animal rights movement. I believe this is an attack on science of the worst kind. If we allow it to prevail it will take us back to the dark ages." Too much of the public has come to think of medical researchers as "tormenters rather than healers." The good is overlooked and the bad is exploited. Although many people think that animal research is morally wrong, animal research should continue because it is critical to continued progress in human health and alternatives to research animals are not available. Animal rights activists feel that animal research is immoral. They do not see where we as human beings see or feel that we are the dominant species. They often assert that research with animals causes severe pain and that many research animals are abused. The activists do not feel the need to put the animals through such pain. Many of the experiments are replicated also which causes an unneeded demand for animals to perform experiments. Experiments which have already been proven are still being experimented with. However, animal research is an integral part of today's society when thinking of how much progress we have gained in human health with the use of animal experimentation. To date some forty-one Nobel prizes have been awarded to scientists whose achievements depended on laboratory animals. Vaccines against polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, and smallpox would not have been possible without such experiments. There also would not be such important techniques such as open heart surgery, brain surgery, coronary bypass, microsurgery to re-attached limbs, organ transplants, and correction of congenital heart defects. The list goes on about the medical advances that required animal research. Insulin to control diabetes and medications important in the management of asthma, epilepsy, arthritis, ulcers, and hypertensions are a few more to add to the list. To take animal research away would also be to halt our society's advancement of more procedures and more medicines to enhanc he better living of humans. In addition, there are no alternatives to animal experimentation that can give the same results that it can. In certain research investigations, cell, tissue, organ cultures, and computer models can be used at least in the preliminary phases of the investigation. However, in many experimental situations, culture techniques and computer models do not capture the "physiological complexity" of the whole animal. Some examples of where animals are necessary in research include the development of a vaccine against HIV and improvement of methods to relieve mental stress and anxiety. These challenges can only be addressed by research with animals. Computer models and cultures cannot get the whole body effect of an experiment. Humans are the only alternatives to animals for this and when faced with this alternative, most people prefer the use on animals as the research model. Animal research is necessary to maintain our society's well being. Many people think it is morally wrong but when the advantages are considered with the disadvantages, the good outweighs the bad. Animal Research is necessary to continued progress in human health. If other methods were available they would be given a fair chance but for now only animal experimentation works best. If all of the advances in human health were taken away our society would still be in a primitive age. Animal research has taken us out of that age.

Types of Reduced Relative Clauses

Types of Reduced Relative Clauses Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses  modify the subject and not  the object of a sentence.   Much like adjectives, relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns. The man who works at Costco lives in Seattle.I gave a book, which was written by Hemingway, to Mary last week. In above  examples, who works at Costco modifies- or provides information about- the man who is the subject of the sentence. In the second sentence, which was written by Hemingway modifies the object book. Using a reduced relative clause we can reduce the first sentence to: The man working at Costco lives in Seattle. The second example sentence cannot be reduced because the relative clause which  was written by Hemingway modifies an object of the verb give. Types of Reduced Relative Clauses Relative clauses can also be reduced to shorter forms if the relative clause modifies the subject of a sentence. Relative clause reduction refers to removing a relative pronoun to reduce: An adjective/person who was happy:  happy personAn adjective phrase/man who was responsible for:  man responsible forA prepositional phrase/boxes that are under the counter:  boxes under the counterA past participle/student that was elected president:  student elected presidentA present participle/people who are working on the report:  people working on the report Reduce to an Adjective Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb (usually be, but also seem, appear, etc.).Place the adjective used in the relative clause before the modified noun. Examples: The children who were happy played until nine in the evening.  Reduced: The happy children played until nine in the evening.The house, which was beautiful, was sold for $300,000.  Reduced: The beautiful house was sold for $300,000. Reduce to an Adjective Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb (usually be, but also seem, appear, etc.).Place the adjective phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The product, which seemed perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.  Reduced: The product, perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.  Reduced: The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his friends to celebrate. Reduce to a Prepositional Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the prepositional phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The box, which was on the table, was made in Italy.  Reduced: The box on the table was made in Italy.The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe.  Reduced: The woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe. Reduce to a Past Participle Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the past participle before the modified noun. Examples: The desk, which was stained, was antique.  Reduced: The stained desk was antique.The man who was elected was very popular.  Reduced: The elected man was very popular. Reduce to a​ Past Participle Phrase Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the past participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The car, which was purchased in Seattle, was a vintage Mustang.  Reduced: The car purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.The elephant, which was born in captivity, was set free.  Reduced: The elephant born in captivity was set free. Reduce to a Present Participle Remove the relative pronoun.Remove the verb be.Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the university.  Reduced: The professor teaching mathematics will leave the university.The dog that is lying on the floor wont get up.  Reduced: The dog lying on the floor wont get up. Some action verbs reduce to the present participle (-ing form) especially when the present tense is used: Remove the relative pronoun.Change the verb to the present participle form.Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun. Examples: The man who lives near my home walks to work every day.  Reduced: The man living near my home walks to work every day.The girl who attends my school lives at the end of the street.  Reduced: The girl attending my school lives at the end of the street.

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly Dry text is a term used to describe text that might be boring, long-winded, or written purely for academic value rather than entertainment value. You can often find dry text in textbooks, case studies, business reports, financial analysis reports, etc. In other words, dry text appears in many of the documents you will need to read and study while you are pursuing a business degree.   You may have to read dozens of textbooks and hundreds of case studies while enrolled in business school. To stand any chance of getting through all of your required reading, you will need to learn how to read a lot of dry text quickly and efficiently.  In this article, were going to take a look at a few tricks and methods that will help you wade through all of your required reading. Find a Good Place to Read Although it is possible to read almost anywhere, your reading environment can have a huge impact on how much text you cover and how much information you retain. The best reading places are well-lit, quiet, and offer a comfortable place to sit. The environment should also be free of distractions- human or otherwise. Use the SQ3R Method of Reading The Survey, Question, Read, Review and Recite (SQ3R)  method of reading is one of the most commonly used approaches to reading. To use the SQ3R method of reading, follow these five simple steps: Survey - Scan the material before you actually begin reading. Pay special attention to titles, headings, bold or italicized words, chapter summaries, diagrams, and pictures with captions.Question - As you read, you should constantly ask yourself what the key takeaway point is.Read - Read what you need to read, but focus on comprehending the material. Seek the facts and write information down as you learn.Review - Review what you have learned when you finish reading. Look at your notes, chapter summaries, or things you have written in the margin and then reflect on key concepts.Recite - Recite what you have learned aloud in your own words until you are confident that you understand the material and could explain it to someone else. Learn to Speed Read Speed reading is a great way to get through a lot of dry text quickly. However, it is important to remember that the goal of speed reading involves more than just reading fast- you need to be able to comprehend and retain what you are reading. You can study speed reading techniques online to learn exactly how its done. There are also a number of speed reading books on the market that can teach you various methods. Focus on Recall, Not Reading Sometimes, reading every assignment just isnt possible no matter how hard you try. Dont worry if you find yourself in this predicament. Reading every word isnt necessary. Whats important is that you are able to recall the most important information. Keep in mind that memory is highly visual. If you can create a mental memory tree, it may be easier for you to visualize and later recall facts, statistics, and other key information that you need to remember for class assignments, discussions, and tests. Get more tips on how to remember facts and information.   Read Backwards Starting at the beginning of a textbook chapter  isnt always the best idea. You are better off flipping to the end of the chapter where you will usually find a summary of key concepts, a list of vocabulary terms, and a list of questions that cover main ideas from the chapter. Reading this end section first will make it easier for you to locate and focus on the important topics when you read the rest of the chapter.

Programming Languages Comparison

Programming Languages Comparison Since the 1950s, computer scientists have devised thousands of programming languages. Many are obscure, perhaps created for a Ph.D. thesis and never heard of since. Others became popular for a while then faded due to lack of support or because they were limited to a particular computer system. Some are variants of existing languages, adding new features like parallelism- the ability to run many parts of a program on different computers in parallel. Read more about What is a programming language? Comparing Programming Languages There are several ways to compare computer Languages but for simplicity, well compare them by Compilation Method and Abstraction Level. Compiling to Machine Code Some languages require programs to be transformed directly into Machine Code- the instructions that a CPU understands directly. This transformation process is called compilation. Assembly Language, C, C, and Pascal are compiled languages. Interpreted Languages Other languages are either Interpreted such as Basic, Actionscript, and Javascript, or a mixture of both being compiled to an intermediate language - this includes Java and C#. An Interpreted language is processed at runtime. Every line is read, analyzed, and executed. Having to reprocess a line every time in a loop is what makes interpreted languages so slow. This overhead means that interpreted code runs between 5 - 10 times slower than compiled code. The interpreted languages like Basic or JavaScript are the slowest. Their advantage is not needing to be recompiled after changes and that is handy when youre learning to program. Because compiled programs almost always run faster than interpreted, languages such as C and C tend to be the most popular for writing games. Java and C# both compile to an interpreted language which is very efficient. Because the Virtual Machine that interprets Java and the .NET framework that runs C# are heavily optimized, its claimed that applications in those languages are as fast if not faster as compiled C. Level of Abstraction The other way to compare languages is level of abstraction. This indicates how close a particular language is to the hardware. Machine Code is the lowest level,  with Assembly Language just above it. C is higher than C because C offers greater abstraction. Java and C# are higher than C because they compile to an intermediate language called bytecode. How Languages Compare Fast Compiled Languages Assembly LanguageCCPascalC#Java Reasonably Fast Interpreted PerlPHP Slow Interpreted JavaScriptActionScriptBasic Machine Code is the instructions that a  CPU  executes. Its the only thing that a CPU can understand and execute.  Interpreted  languages need an application called an  Interpreter  that reads each line of the program source code and then runs it. Interpreting Is Easier Its very easy to stop, change and re-run applications written in an interpreted language and that is why theyre popular for learning programming. There is no compilation stage needed. Compiling can be quite a slow process. A large Visual C application can take from minutes to hours to compile, depending on how much code has to be rebuilt and the speed of memory and the  CPU. When Computers First Appeared When computers first became popular in the 1950s, programs were written in machine code as there was no other way. Programmers had to physically flip switches to enter values. This is such a tedious and slow way of creating an application that higher level computer languages had to be created. Assembler: Fast to Run- Slow to Write! Assembly language is the readable version of Machine Code and looks like this Mov A,$45 Because it is tied to a particular CPU or family of related CPUs, Assembly Language is not very  portable  and is time-consuming to learn and write. Languages like C have reduced the need for Assembly Language programming except where RAM is limited or time-critical code is needed. This is typically in the  kernel  code at the heart of an Operating System or in a video card driver. Assembly Language Is the Lowest Level of Code Assembly Language is very low level; most of the code just moves values between the  CPU  registers and memory. If you are writing a payroll package you want to think in terms of salaries and tax deductions, not  Register  A to Memory location XYZ. This is why higher level languages like C,  C#  or  Java  are more productive. The programmer can think in terms of the problem domain (salaries, deductions, and accruals) not the hardware domain (registers, memory, and instructions). Systems Programming With C C was devised in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It can be thought of as a general purpose tool- very useful and powerful but very easy to let bugs through that can make systems insecure. C is a low-level language and has been described as portable Assembly language. The syntax of many scripting  languages is based on C, for example,  JavaScript, PHP, and ActionScript. Perl: Websites and Utilities Very popular in the  Linux  world, Perl was one of the first web languages and remains very popular today. For doing quick and dirty programming on the web it remains unrivaled and drives many websites. It has though been somewhat eclipsed by  PHP as a web scripting language. Coding Websites With PHP PHP  was designed as a language for Web Servers and is very popular in conjunction with Linux, Apache, MySql, and PHP or LAMP for short. It is interpreted, but pre-compiled so code executes reasonably quickly. It can be run on desktop computers but is not as widely used for developing desktop applications. Based on C  syntax, it also includes  Objects  and Classes. Pascal  was devised as a teaching language a few years before C but was very limited with poor string and file handling. Several Manufacturers extended the language but there was no overall leader until Borlands Turbo Pascal (for Dos) and Delphi (for Windows) appeared. These were powerful implementations that added enough functionality to make them suitable for commercial development. However, Borland was up against the much bigger Microsoft and lost the battle. C: A Classy Language! C or C plus classes as it was originally known came about ten years after C and successfully introduced Object Oriented Programming to C, as well as features like exceptions and templates. Learning all of C is a big task- it is by far the most complicated of the programming languages here but once you have mastered it, youll have no difficulty with any other language. C#: Microsofts Big Bet C#  was created by  Delphis architect Anders Hejlsberg after he moved to Microsoft and Delphi developers will feel at home with features such as Windows forms. C#  syntax  is very similar to  Java, which is not surprising as Hejlsberg also worked on J after he moved to Microsoft. Learn C# and you are well on the way to knowing  Java. Both languages are semi-compiled so that instead of compiling to machine code, they compile to  bytecode  ( C# compiles to  CIL  but it and Bytecode are similar) and are then  interpreted. Javascript: Programs in Your Browser Javascript  is nothing like Java, instead, its a  scripting  language based on C syntax but with the addition of  Objects  and is used mainly in browsers. JavaScript is interpreted and a lot slower than  compiled  code but works well within a browser. Invented by Netscape it has proved very successful and after several years in the doldrums is enjoying a new lease of life because of  AJAX; Asynchronous Javascript and XML. This allows parts of web pages to update from the server without redrawing the entire page. ActionScript: A Flashy Language! ActionScript  is an implementation of JavaScript but exists solely within Macromedia Flash applications.  Using vector-based graphics, it is used mainly for games, playing videos and other visual effects and for developing sophisticated user interfaces, all running in the browser. Basic for Beginners Basic  is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and was created to teach programming in the 1960s. Microsoft has made the language their own with many different versions including VBScript for websites and the very successful  Visual Basic. The latest version of that is VB.NET and this runs on the same platform  .NET  as C# and produces the same CIL bytecode. Lua is a free scripting language written in C that includes garbage collection and coroutines. It interfaces well with C/C and is used in the games industry (and non-games as well) to script game logic, event triggers, and game control. Conclusion While everyone has their favorite language and has invested time and resources in learning how to program it, there are some problems that are best solved with the right language. E.G you wouldnt use C for writing web apps and you wouldnt write an Operating System in Javascript. But whichever language you choose, if its C, C or C#, at least you know youre in the right place to learn it.

Republic of Irelands economy over the past three years Essay

Republic of Irelands economy over the past three years - Essay Example However, this economic boom started slowing down in 2001, two years later it resumed and then in 2006 it slowed down again. Efforts in this essay will be directed towards the post 'Celtic tiger' years. (O'Kane, 2007) Between the years 2005 and 2006, the government was successful in maintaining economic growth. However, after 2006 to 2008, there was a reduction in the economy and there are numerous factors that caused these increase and reduction. Between 2005 and 2006, the economy hade resurgence because the government dealt with some of the problems the country had encountered before and this was aided by some external factors. At that time, (2005-2006), the rate of economic growth in Ireland was over four percent while other countries such as France, Germany and Italy in the European Union had economic growth rates of between one percent and three percent. Ireland had been struggling with Foot and Mouth Disease at a certain point but this was dealt with accordingly and by 2005 and 2006, the problem had been eradicated thus boosting sales in the primary sector. (Clinch et al, 2008) Another factor that contributed to this economic growth in the first year under analysis could be because of increases in property values. Consequently, there was greater employment in the construction sector. But other external factors also contributed to the high economic growth rate. ... It also produces Apple, IBM, and HP makes. Therefore technology is a crucial factor in Ireland's economy. Ireland was a strong economic partner to the United States; therefore any factors affecting its partnmers were likely to trickle down to the country. Four years ago, the US had experienced the September eleven attacks, but by 2005, this had reversed and led to US' economic recovery. The government also encouraged further investments in industry, science and technology between 2005 and 2006. This was seen by the numerous international firms that have set up branches in Ireland. One such company is Google; others are Intel, Abbott Laboratories and Bell Labs. In line with these developments, the Ireland government decide to establish a body known as Science Foundation Ireland which was formed to assist science bodies in the Republic. The government had created an SSIA savings scheme and funds had matured. Consumers had been cushioned in their expenditure and this boosted growth in the retail sector. (CIA, 2006) But in the years 2006 and 2008, there has been resurgence in economic growth. This could be as a result of a recession in property values. Because of availability of labour and growing demand for homes after the Celtic Tiger years, the Republic started building homes aggressively. By 2006, homes had reached 90, 000 which is almost half of what the UK has yet the ratio of populations between the UK and Ireland is 15:1. This means that by 2007 and 2008, there were excess homes compared to the demand. Rent declined and there was less income coming from that sector. Another factor that led to this decrease in economic growth was the expansion of the European Union. During 2007, Romania and Bulgaria entered

Optional subject ( apple is recommended ) Assignment

Optional subject ( apple is recommended ) - Assignment Example I will also take reference from Lance Whitney and Josh Lowensohn’s articles that would put light on the tactics used by Apple. Apple has emerged as a renowned and very popular company in the recent past due to its innovative and high quality products. Apple has always tried to come up with customer’s expectations with it continually improving products. It has always looked to bring innovation that has helped the company to compete with other brands. The organizational structure of the company is designed in such a way that it promotes competition and encourages employees to present new ideas. I think it was a very clever move by Apple to adopt innovative strategy with appealing applications as its competitors were not bringing much innovation in their products. Introduction of iphone was an example of such innovation, which had brought a revolution in the technological world. iphone helped Apple to register revenues of $65,225 million, increasing by 52% in fiscal year 2010. The company also adopted a strategy to market its product worldwide and not restricting it to a particular place, which helped the company to gain significant market share. Research and development is also a very important aspect for the company. Apple lays strong focus on research and development in the company and always come up with new ideas and suggestion that help the company to develop new products. When the company was entering into the Chinese market, initially it did not get a good response, but extensive research helped the company to make few changes in the product. These changes made it easy for Apple to introduce its product in China, which became a great success. The focus on research and development helps the company to compete with its competitor very efficiently. Initially, when Apple introduced its smart phones in the market, it was a totally new concept, so it decided to charge higher prices due to the advanced features of its

Financial accounting Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial accounting - Math Problem Example You should not provide impairment losses in the financial statement as these will decrease our reported profit and may be misleading for tax authorities and shareholder. We have a responsibility of disclosing fair and accurate information, therefore we should not provide for impairment losses until we want to close our operations. Our business investment buildings will be included at their fair value according to the judgment of auditors in the balance under long-term leases head. This will be done according to IAS 16 principles which calls for fair-value to be include in the balance sheet. Fair value consists of costs less depreciation less impairment losses. Since, we are not charging any depreciation, we can simply state these building at their NRV that according to you come around $2.5 Million. You have also asked me about how to treat grants. You are right about the fact that we can treat it as deferred income. IAS 20 allows us to treat it as deferred income. However, this option may increase will increase our profit and will also result in more tax payments. So, it is better to not treat it as tax income and instead amortize it completely by adjusting it with the purchase of fixed assets.

Design Issues in the System (Security) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design Issues in the System (Security) - Essay Example The usability and accessibility guidelines have to be followed to develop easy to use software system. It is vital to balance the usability and security among the various design objectives. As per the given case study, the new system implemented in the restaurant has several issues related to the system security and user interface design. It is pertinent to highlight and review these issues include but are not limited to the locking up of the system after receiving four incorrect either username or password, the system screen automatically gets locked after three minutes of remaining idle, the locked screen can only be opened by the particular / logged in cashier and if the cashier is not available the system is required rebooting to log in any other cashier. These highlighted issues are due to the bad designing of the software application that can be removed or resolved by redesigning the software application. The implemented software application has software design issues include: the system has a design flaw of locking up the system either by inserting incorrect password or leaving the system idle for some time; the system rebooting is a major software design flaw which wastes time as well as irritates the users. (Payne and Edwards, 2008). Design Issues Solution The design issues in the deployed software application can be determined by an analysis the design issues and planning the new software design or redesigning the existing software application. There are few guidelines need to be considered while redesigning the currently deployed software application to remove the above highlighted design issues. These guidelines include but are not limited to the locked system should have the capability to be logged in by just changing the username and password by any cashier, as currently the logged in cashier can only unlock the system. In this way, the manager would not be bothered every time the system is locked. Moreover, this design would remove the requiremen t of rebooting the system, as the system can be unlocked by any cashier after entering his / her correct login name and password. The software application’s security breach can be avoided by following another guideline for securing the software application by implementing security certificates for all the users (cashier / manager / administrator). Software Design Plan The tasks for redesigning the software implemented in the restaurant may include: the analysis of the existing software (highlighting key issues), redesigning of software application keeping in view the highlighted issues, building up a prototype, performing user testing, feedback from the user, prototype refinement and these tasks lead to the final product. The above mentioned tasks need to be performed by the team keeping in view that the existing software has to be modified to correct the design issues, the software should adopt new hardware, the interface of the software has to be upgraded, and overall impro ving the performance of the software application. The information observed / identified through the analysis of the existing software application should be properly utilized in the implement new software application or modifying the existing software application in such a way with increased security and highly usable software applied. The software testing and validation procedures need to be developed for testing of the software application with objectives to remove the existing design issues. Documentation is one of the key factors in the success of any software application development; therefore, it should be performed properly and document version should be maintained. After

Analyze a major social, economic, military, and technological issue Essay

Analyze a major social, economic, military, and technological issue since the Civil War, trace its significance over time - Essay Example American diplomacy in the 1920s may be termed as subtle and a bit passive, but it was equally ambitious and effective in reality. American strategy in the years leading up to the annihilation of Pearl Harbor was in fact quite reactive to events which were happening on the European continent. In short, American isolationism was somewhat of a myth, though it remains a fact that American foreign policy during the 1920s and 1930s was hugely different from the aggressive US foreign policy what the contemporary global order witnesses (Braumoeller, p.1). The changes have occurred eventually and over time the role of African Americans in ending the segregation, discrimination and hence the isolation in order to reach the goals of civil rights and equality have been significant. The reality of American isolationism The actual notion of ‘American isolationism’ developed because the US authorities concentrated on building cottage industries to strengthen their domestic economic inf rastructure. This act sent a global message that the US authorities were trying to create a neo-socialist order. The reality was far from this. Cottage industry grew around the topic of American isolationism in the interwar era – so much so to facilitate that â€Å"isolationism† had become the average categorization of America’s foreign policy amid the two World Wars. ... Such assertions, both in textbooks and in the articles of some of the finest scholars, can be multiplied for an indefinite period (Braumoeller, pp.2-3). African Americans and the tale of struggle African Americans were the indomitable human beings who were brutally treaded by the whites into the American territory in 1619. Thus began their apathetic journey of struggle against intolerance, violence, and racial discrimination. The tradition of importing slaves came to halt in 1808. But that did not change the dire circumstances of the African people residing in nation that looked upon them as beasts embraced in a black nutcase. In 1857, the US Supreme Court decided to bar African slaves from entering or bringing a case into the court premises. The devastating situation of the African Americans took a turn with the introduction of the US Civil War which started in 1861. Abraham Lincoln took some revolutionary steps as the newly elected president of the United States. For most of the bl acks, liberation and the conclusion of the Civil War meant a revitalization of hope. A hope filled with economic prospect, social mobility, and political potential. Great white centric institutions like Tuskegee, Hampton, and Howard University were at the midpoint of a debate over what kind of training, education, and preparation African Americans required for paving their way into the world. Booker T. Washington became the orator on behalf of those who believed that industrial education skills training and vocational education were the greatest means for blacks to achieve economic progress and equality. Each and every women student at Tuskegee, for an instance, was

Gilgamesh and Odysseus Essay Example for Free

Gilgamesh and Odysseus Essay Odysseus main challenge is to help defeat the Trojans in the battle of the Trojan horse. All the men who survived the war and the sea were safely back at home, other than Odysseus, he still had a long journey ahead of him. In the beginning of his journey, his challenge was brought upon him by the powerful God of the sea Poseidon. Poseidon became Odysseus enemy after a Cyclops held him and his crewmates captive. After escaping the Cyclops, Odysseus blinded it with fire and his sword. The Cyclops was the son of Poseidon, after telling his dad what happened Poseidon became full of rage and swore to Odysseus that he would pay for what he had done, and he would wander the seas for ten years as his punishment. After leaving the island of the Cyclops, Odysseus encountered Aeolus, who gave him a bag of winds that would have directed him back to Ithaca. However, one of the crewmembers was anxious to see what was in the bag, that he opened the bag while Odysseus was sleeping. Seeing that Odysseus was the only one that was directed to open the bag this caused terrible winds to come out which blew the men further off course. After many other challenges, at sea Odysseus ended up the only survivor. A few days later, he came to the island of the goddess Calypso; she fell madly in love with him, and held captive on her island for seven years. Upon that seventh year things started to change for Odysseus. Athena, daughter of Zeus and Odysseus’ protector, discussed his fate with the other gods that who assembled in Zeus’ home. All of the gods besides Poseidon sympathized with Odysseus, because of what he did to his son. Zeus however told the God Hermes to tell Calypso to let him go and give him a raft, food, and clothing for his journey to Ithaca; this did not settle will with Poseidon. Poseidon again wrecked Odysseus’ raft and which led him to have to swim to an island naked and exhausted. He woke with laughing women around him, who took Odysseus to meet there parents. They later found out who he was and his role in the Trojan war and helped him on his journey back home. A few more things that took place in his journey back home. When Odysseus finally got home back to Ithaca to be with his family he appreciated what he left behind even more. Odysseus when through many tests, all physically, mental, and emotional but he still survived and overcame his adversities. A woman- a goddess formed Enkidu from clay, by the name of  Aruru. A woman (Shamhat) seduced Enkidu. Gilgamesh sent Shamhat, the harlot to Enkidu as a gift but Enkidu was too full of himself to understand the depth and implications of it. The intercourse was for six days and seven nights. Shamhat was supposedly helped Enkidu become a man and a civilized human being. They learned that the love of a woman was valued above all others. In conclusion, the main comparisons between the journeys of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were men facing several trials and tribulations that women had been the main cause of the problems and challenges. In Gilgamesh, Enkidu had challenges from the goddess and in Odyssey; Odysseus had challenges from the gods and goddess.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart The heart is a muscular pump, cone shaped, hollow organ that lies in the chest cavity, the apex inclining towards the left cavity. It is divided into four areas, the upper right and left atria and the lower right and left ventricles. A muscular wall called the septum down the centre separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. The hearts purpose is to circulate blood throughout the body. The wall of the heart has three layers the Inner layer (endocardium). The middle layer (myocardium). The outer layer (pericardium). The action on the left side is to receive blood from the lungs and to force it around the body. The action on the right side forces blood into the lungs to be oxygenated. Valves are found between the atria on upper part and ventricles on lower part. Cardiac Cycle There are three stages to the event of a heartbeat. Blood enters the heart, the atria and ventricles are both relaxed or DIASTOLE. Blood enters the atria while all the valves are closed. Blood is pumped from the upper atria to the lower ventricles. Electrical impulses from the pacemaker cause the atria to contract ATRIAL SYSTOLE. Blood is pumped to the ventricles. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open. The vena cava and pulmonary veins close to stop blood entering the atria. Blood leaves the heart and the atria relax. Impulses from the av node cause the ventricles to contract. This is called ventricular systole. Blood id forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Pressure forces the semilunar valves to open. Pressure closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Ventricles relax again. Semilunar valves close which prevents blood from flowing back into the heart or ventricles. The vena cava and pulmonary veins open and the cycle starts again. Blood pressure Blood pressure is the power exerted by the blood against the blood vessels walls , and and the arteries, while it becomes lower in the veins and capillaries. Blood pressure is read with a sphygomomanometre. SYSTOLIC: Heart is contracting blood pressure reaches its highest point. DIASTOLIC: Pressure reaches its lowest level when the heart IS relaxing. High Blood Pressure or Hypertension. Causes Narrowing of the arteries, Kidney disease, smoking. Diet, hereditary factors including stress and medication. High blood pressure is maintained at a high level over a period of time. Symptoms Heart attack, Stroke, Kidney complaints, Angina. Low Blood Pressure or Hypotension. Causes Low blood pressure is maintained over a period of time. It can be shock or an underactive Adrenal glands, or hereditary factors. Symptoms Fainting and dizziness. CARDIAC OUTPUT Volume of blood pumped out of the heart. When cardiac output increases blood pressure increases. RESISTANCE OFFERED BY ARTERIOLES (small arteries). Narrowing of blood vessels can result from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels. The greater the narrowing the higher the blood pressure. TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME Blood pressure is lowered if the amount of circulating blood is reduced VISCOSITY OF BLOOD The lower the viscosity the lower the blood pressure. ELASTICITY OF ARTERY WALLS When arteries harden there is a loss of elasticity and blood pressure is raised. Structure of Arteries Veins and Capillaries Characteristics of capillaries Characteristics of veins Characteristics of arteries Distribute oxygen nutrients to all cells of body Veins transport blood to Heart Arteries transport blood from the heart Transport Carbon Dioxide other waste away from cells. Transport deoxygenated blood except pulmonary Arteries transport oxygenated blood except the pulmonary. Capillaries are smallest blood vessel. One cell thick, Veins carry a high concentration of urea waste, Arteries have an abundance of nutrients. Capillaries have thin walls. Not as muscular elastic compared to arteries. Elastic Walls. Muscular. The fluid, mostly water nutrients filters out of walls bathes body tissue. The Lumen, i.e. the passage is large. The Lumen i.e. the passage is small. Valves stop the blood flowing back. Pumped by skeletal muscles. Arteries are pumped by heart muscle tissue in the artery wall. Blood under low Pressure Blood under high pressure. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Stripped With Protein Bands. Non Stripped. Or Non-Striated. Is The Pump To Power The Heart Joined Onto The Bones. We Have No Control Over Them. Only Found In The Heart Consciously Control Found In The Digestive System, Respiratory System And The Genito Urinary System. Outer Fibres Are Striated Or Striped Numerous Nuclei Automatically Work. Only One Nucleus. Made Of Fibres That Form A Group Of Cells. One Nucleus Looks Like Skeletal Muscle. Largest Cells In The Body Spindle Shape With No Distinct Membrane. Sheath On Outer Muscle Regulate The Flow Of Blood In Arteries. Fibres Form Into Bundles And Go In The Same Direction. Moves Your Dinner Along Through Your Gastrointestinal Tract. Regulate The Flow Of Air Through The Lungs. Help Deliver Babies From The Uterus. How Muscles and Skeleton work together to create movement A muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Muscles are connected to bones by tendon. Tendons pull on a bone when a muscle contracts and helps it move. Usually, muscles work in antagonistic pairs. In each pair there is a relaxing muscle and a controlling muscle Antagonistic muscles must contract and relax equally to ensure a non-jerky smooth movement. An example is the biceps muscle on top of the humerus. The arm is moved upwards. At the same time the triceps is relaxed. Body moves when the muscles contract and produce movement in the joints of the skeleton, Muscles stabilise the joints, Muscles maintain posture control. Muscles aid in temperature control e.g., shivering. Axial muscles Skeletal Muscles of the trunk or head e.g. trapezius muscle. Appendicular Muscles Skeletal muscles of the limbs e.g. biceps triceps. These two muscles contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement. Composition of bone Bones are living tissue. They contain Osteoblasts which are responsible for making the collagen rich substance osteoid, which is key in building bone. They compose of cells called Osteoclasts that maintain the bone structure. The cells travel around the the bone to areas in need of resorption. They compose of compact bone which accounts for 80% of the bodys bone mass. They compose of cancellous bone makes up 20% of the bodies bone mass. It has a honeycomb structure. STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE External structure Long bones fornexamole the femur in the leg are enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum. This membrane contains blood vessels and nerves. The long shaft of a bine is called the epiphysis. Internal Structure Compact bone Spongy bone Medullary cavity Compact bone Is mostly found in the shaft or diaphysis of a bone. It is also found around the end or epiphysys of a bone. When under a microscope bones are full of holes. Haversian Canal: These are canals that run lengthways through compact bone. They contain blood capillaries, and nerves. Cancellous or Spongy bone: These bones are found at the end of long bones and are found in flat and irregular bones. It is spongy. Medullary Cavity: The red and yellow bone marrow is stored here. Functions of the Skeleton Allows movement as joints are formed between the bones to allow the movement of the body. Provides attachment for the muscles which move the joints thus moving the body. Supports the body and gives it shape as all the other parts of the body are soft and cannot stand up. It protects the delicate organs e.g. Skull as it protects the brain, the rib cage. The sternum protect the Heart and lungs. With the aid of vitamin K calcium salt and phosphorus is stored in your body. Different Types of Joints FREELY MOVEABLE SYNOVIAL JOINTS Shoulder joint is called a ball and socket joint. It is the most moveable joint. It allows movement in many directions. The rounded head of one bone fits into a socket or cavity in another bone. Immoveable or fixed fibrous joints Innominate or pelvic girdle bone has no movement. There is fibrous tissue between the ends of the bones. Slightly moveable joints cartilaginous When two bones come together with a little cartilage in between. Some examples would be the joints between all of the vertebrae in the spine. These bones are around the discs, which are made of cartilage. Freely Moveable Synovial Joints Immoveable or Fixed Fibrous Joints Slightly Moveable Cartilaginous Joints Ball Socket Joint Pelvic Girdle or Innominate Bone Joints Between Each Vertebrae in The Spine Hinge Joint Sutures in Skull Symphysis Pubis in The Pelvis. Gliding Joint Sacroiliac Joint in The Pelvis Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Body Movement of How the Skeletal and Muscular System Connect In the skeletal muscles, a muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Tendons connects muscles to bones. When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls on the bone and causes it to move. Most of the time muscles work in antagonistic pairs. Each pair consists of a contracting muscle and a relaxing muscle. These two muscles must contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement. Therefore, the muscles contract and allow movement in the joints of the skeleton causing the body to move. The muscles stabilise the joints and ensure posture control. The axial muscles are the muscles of the trunk or head. Then the appendicular muscles are the skeletal muscles of the limbs, e.g. Biceps, triceps. Epidermis: Structure Consists of five layers on the upper portion of the skin. Cells in the bottom are living and carry on moving up through the layers until they die. Function To protect the skin. Dermis: Structure Lies beneath the epidermis. The papillary layer is wavy tissue. The waste upward projections are called dermal papillae. They contain blood and lymph capillaries and nerve endings. The reticular layer contains the main components of the skin. It is dense and fibrous. Function The papillary layer increase surface area of reproductive cells and provide living layers of epidermis with vessels which supply nourishment and remove cellular waste. The reticular layer protects and repairs injured tissue. Collagen gives it strength. Elastin allows the skin to stretch easily but quickly regain its shape. Subcutaneous layer: Structure Lies beneath the dermis has cells called lipocytes which produce lipids which are the fat cells from which subcutaneous tissue is formed. Function Cushions muscles, bones and internal organs against shocks and blows. Sudoriferous glands: Structure Found in the dermis. Eccrine glands Found all over the body, numerous on the palms of hands and the soles of the feet. They produce sweat through a sweat pore. Aprocrine glands are found in the armpits, nipples and anal and genital areas open into hair follicles and produce a thicker secretion. Function Eccrine glands help regulate body temperature by producing sweat which evaporates off the skins surface and cools it down when it is hot. Apocrine glands are under nervous control and respond to emotional, psychological and sexual stimuli. Hair follicles: Structure Found all over the body except the palms of hands and soles of the feet. It is a sac like structure which contain hairs. The base of the hair degenerates and rebuilds during the cycle of hair growth and replacement. It contains a dermal papilla which supplies blood to the base of the hair. The follicle opens at the skins surface at a follicular pore. Function Hair follicles produce and contain hairs during their life cycle. They provide nourishment for the hairs. Hairs: Structure Found in the follicle in the dermis. They do not grow on lips, palms of hands, or soles of feet. The hair above the skin is called the shaft. The portion lying in the follicle is called the root. The enlarged base of the root surrounding the papilla is called the bulb. Hair is made of protein keratin. Function Hair protects against friction and damage from external environment. Hair is a sexual characteristic. Sebaceous glands: Structure Found in the dermis and produce sebum which pass through a duct and up the hair follicle and through the skin through a follicular pore. Function Sebum lubricates the skin and hair and combines with sweat to form the protective acid mantle of the skin. It also retains natural moisture in the skin and provides insulation. Blood Vessels: structure Arteries carry oxygenated blood. Blood is pumped all around the body in arteries. Veins carry deoxygenated blood. Their walls have valves which stops blood from flowing backwards. Capillaries are fine vessels and made of a single layer of cells. Some materials can pass in and out through the thin walls of the capillaries. Function Arteries carry oxygen and nutrients to the skin via capillaries. Veins remove waste products. The surface capillaries help to regulate body temperature. Vessels dilate and heat is lost through the skin. When the body is cold, the vessels contract and heat is retained. Nerves: structure Found in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Sympathetic nerves supply blood vessels, sweat glands and the arrector pili muscle. Nerves respond to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch. Function Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which triggers an appropriate response from the body. SECTION D Examples of Viral Bacterial, Fungal Skin Diseases: Viral skin disease Bacterial skin disease Fungal skin disease Chickenpox Cellulitis Athletes Foot. Tinea Pedis Mumps Impetigo Ringworm Hepatitis B Virus Folliculitis Jock Itch German Measles / Rubella Furuncle Fungal Nail Infection Onychomycosis Relationship Between Skin The Nervous System Sensory nerve endings are situated in the skin and give us the sensation of touch. The nerve endings or receptors are specially shaped and positioned to respond to a range of different stimuli. We can distinguish heat, cold, and pain, as well as differences between light and deep pressure. Motor nerve endings supply the muscles that make facial expressions and move the eyes, neck, and lower jaw. Made up of white or grey nerve fibres which end in sensory nerve endings. Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which sets off an appropriate response from the body. The skin also is important in helping to switch your body temperature. If you are too hot or too cold, messages are sent from the brain to the skin. The skin uses 3 methods to increase or decrease heat loss from the bodys surface these are hairs on the skin trap heat if when standing up, and less if they are lying flat; glands under the skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body is too hot; capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat. Relationship Between the Skin and The Circulatory System. The circulatory system through the help of arteries, veins and small capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to the skin. This is done by the help of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Arteries carry a lot of nutrients via the circulation system to the skin. Veins carry a lot of waste products like urea to the skin. The skin protects the body living tissues and the organs. It protects against the invasion of infection It protects from dehydration. The circulatory system protects the body against changes in temperature. The skin has nerve endings called thermoreceptors which detect hot a and cold. These receptors interact with a cluster of nerves at the centre of the brain called the hypothalamus. If you become too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to to decreases or to increase heat loss from the surface of the body. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Biology Plus Leaving Cert by Michael O Callaghan Edco. A Practical Guide to Beauty Therapy Level 2 By Janet Simms. Internet: Teachpe.Com Free Resource For Physical Education And Sports Coaching. Teachpe.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. Sciencedirect.Com | Science, Health And Medical Journals, Full Text Articles And Books.. Sciencedirect.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Jan. 2017. Innerbody.Com | Your Interactive Guide To Human Anatomy. Innerbody. N.p., 2017. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.